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在海洋环境中,塑料污染极为有害,目前在世界各地广泛。巨大的,2.99亿吨/年,全球塑料生产,1这与越来越多的一次性商品使用,再加上聚合物的低降解性,导致塑料碎屑在自然栖息地中的积累。2尽管合成聚合物是耐用的,但大型塑料物品可能会经历碎裂过程,这主要是由于沙子和其他材料的波动作用或磨损引起的机械分解,并由UV-B光触发的光化学过程促进。亚博网站下载3,4,5Microplastics are the smaller plastic fragments, whose diameters are 5 mm or less.6,7This category has been further divided in small microplastic particles (S-MPP ≤ 1 mm) with diameters of 1 mm or less and large microplastic (L-MPP), ranging between 1 and 5 mm.8
微塑料可以吸收沉积物和水的重金属和持续的有机污染物(POP),最小的颗粒可以穿透食物网,yabo2149,10posing a severe health risk to wildlife and ultimately to humans.
Identification and quantitation of microplastics are significant analytical challenges, and the lack of official analytical methods makes it difficult to compare different studies. The majority of the research studies performed thus far start by visually sorting particles under a stereo-microscope to isolate potential microplastics from other debris.11
视觉排序的主要限制是粒度,因为随着尺寸的减小,将微塑料与干扰颗粒区分开的难度增加。yabo21412, 13Hence, analyzing sorted particles with techniques that allow proper identification of plastics is highly recommended; for instance, spectroscopic techniques or pyrolysis GC/MS (py-GC/MS), even if these methods are less efficient and miss the microplastic particles discharged by visual sorting.
根据最近的一项研究14在微塑料识别和定量中,诸如拉曼,NIR和FTIR之类的光谱技术最大程度地提高了分析的准确性和敏感性;但是,只有几种方法可以促进快速可靠的分析。光谱方法通常是未自动化的单点分析。仅采用单个MCT检测器-FTIR化学映射,仅进行了少量的半自动化滤波器分析研究15,16to analyze just a few sub-areas of the filter surface and, more recently, using Focal Plane Array (FPA)-based imaging μFTIR to scan the entire surface of a small filter with diameters exceeding 10 mm.17
虽然最后一种方法提供了非常好的结果,但表现出高横向分辨率并能够检测到低至20μm的颗粒大小,但由于衍射现象发生在10以下,因此无法通过μFTRIR技术来分析较小的微粒和亚微颗粒。yabo214在FTIR中μm。另一个缺点是该分析是耗时的,并且可以按数十个小时的阶段进行。18These drawbacks can be overcome by the most promising technique, Raman imaging microscopy, which combines the speed of an imaging technique with high spatial resolution, typical of Raman microscopy technique.
本文通过使用参考材料为潜在环境样品提供理想的分析模型,讨论了微塑料颗粒分析的模拟。亚博网站下载yabo214
致谢
Thermofisher Scientific records its gratitude towards National Research Council, Padova Unit (CNR-IDPA, Venice) for the provision of the microparticle standard and for beneficial scientific discussions.
References and Further Reading
- 塑料剖析。塑料 - 2014/2015事实。对欧洲塑料生产,需求和废物数据的分析。(2015年7月26日访问)。
- Barnes,D.K。;Galgani,F。;汤普森,R.C。;Barlaz,M。在全球环境中塑料碎片的积累和碎片化。哲学反式。R. Soc。伦敦,服务。B. 2009,364(1526),1985- 1998年。
- Andrady,A.L。海洋环境中的微塑料。3月污染。公牛。2011,62(8),1596-1605。
- 库珀,D;Corcoran,P.L。机械和化学过程对夏威夷考伊岛塑料海滩碎片降解的影响。3月污染。公牛。2010,60(5),650-654。
- Corcoran,P.L。;Biesinger,M.C。;Grifi,M。塑料和海滩:有污点的关系。3月污染。公牛。2009,58(1),80-84。
- Moore,C.J。海洋环境中的合成聚合物:迅速增加,长期威胁。环境。res。2008,108(2),131-139。
- 汤普森,R.C。;Olsen, Y.; Mitchell, R.P.; Davis, A.; Rowland, S.J.; John, A.W.G.; McGonigle, D.; Russell, A.E. Lost at Sea: Where is All the Plastic? Science. 2004, 304 (5672), 838.
- Imhof, H.K.; Schmid, J.; Niessner, R.; Ivleva, N.P.; Laforsch, C. A Novel, Highly Efficient Method for the Separation and Quantification of Plastic Particles in Sediments of Aquatic Environments. Limnol. Oceanogr.: Methods. 2012, 10 (7), 524-537.
- Farrell, P.; Nelson, K. Trophic Level Transfer of Microplastic: Mytilus edulis (L.) to Carcinus maenas (L.). Environ. Pollut. 2013, 177, 1-3.
- O.Stälä;Fleming-Lehtinen,V。;Lehtiniemi,M。浮游食品网中微塑料的摄入和转移。环境。污染。2014,185,77-83。
- Hidalgo-Ruz, V.; Gutow, L.; Thompson, R.C.; Thiel, M. Microplastics in the Marine Environment: A Review of the Methods Used for Identification and Quantification. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46 (6), 3060-3075.
- Dekiff,J.H。;雷米,d。;Klasmeier, J.; Fries, E. Occurrence and Spatial Distribution of Microplastics in Sediments from Norderney. Environ. Pollut. 2014, 186, 248-256.
- 弗里斯,e。Dekiff,J.H。;Willmeyer,J。;Nuelle,M.-T。;Ebert,M。;雷米,d。;使用热解-GC/MS和扫描电子显微镜鉴定海洋微塑料颗粒中的聚合物类型和添加剂。yabo214环境。Sci。:过程影响。2013,15(10),1949- 1956年。
- 歌曲,Y.K。;Hong,S.H。;Jang,M。;Han,G.M。;Rani,M。;Lee,J。;Shim,W.J。对环境样品中微塑料分析的显微镜和光谱鉴定方法的比较。3月污染。公牛。2015,93(1-2),202-209。
- 哈里森(J.P。);Ojeda,J.J。;Romero-González,M.E。反射率微型转换红外光谱的适用性用于检测海洋沉积物中的合成微塑料。科学。总环境。2012,416,455-463。
- Vianello,A。;Boldrin,A。;Guerriero,P。;Moschino,V。;Rella,R。;Sturaro,A。;Da Ros,L。意大利威尼斯泻湖沉积物中的微塑料yabo214颗粒:关于发生,空间模式和鉴定的首次观察。河口,沿海和货架科学。亚博老虎机网登录2013,130,54-61。
- Löder, M.G.J.; Kuczera, M.; Lorenz, C.; Gerdts, G. Focal Plane Array Detector-Based Micro-Fourier-Transform Infrared Imaging for the Analysis of Microplastics in Environmental Samples. Environ. Chem. 2015, 12 (5), 563-581.
- Shi, H.; Magaye, R.; Castranova, V.; Zhao, J. Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles: A Review of Current Toxicological Data. Part. Fibre Toxicol. 2013, 10 (15), 1-33.
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